Key Points
Visitors pass by the logo of Google at the high profile startups and high tech leaders gathering, Viva Tech, in Paris, France May 16, 2019.
Charles Platiau | Reuters
The state attorneys general investigating Google for potential antitrust violations are leaning towards pushing for a breakup of its ad technology business as part of an expected suit, people familiar with the situation told CNBC.
Fifty attorneys general have been probing Google's business practices for months, alongside a similar probe being led by the U.S. Department of Justice. Both the states and the DOJ are looking to file a suit against the internet giant as soon as within the next few months, people familiar with the situation told CNBC.
The states and the Justice Department have not yet officially decided whether to combine their expected suits, the people said,though they have been collaborating closely. Bothhave been investigating Google's search, ad technology and android business.
The attorneys general investigating Google, which is owned byAlphabet, haven't yet definitively ruled out pushing for alternatives for its ad technology business, like imposing restrictions on how it runs its business, one of the sources said. A suit may also include a push for both that option and breaking up the ad tech business.
Should the attorneys general aggressively pursue a break up of Google's ad technology business, it would be notable. While regulatory enforcement agencies have recently favored "structural remedies" − break-ups and divestitures − regulators have less onerous solutions available, like barring certain behaviors through a consent decree.
Once the attorneys general file their expected lawsuit, they have a number of tools at their disposal to signal their intent to push for a breakup of Google's ad technology business. That includes what they allege, the evidence they introduce, pre-trial briefings and press conferences.
In Google's case, pushing for a break up of its ad technology business may be difficult, some lawyers say, because it does not exist as a stand-alone unit easily hived off. And its two main deals, DoubleClick in 2007 and AdMob in 2009, were years ago.
"Courts are very concerned that by ripping a company apart, it hurts consumers and make it worse for people that don't have the expertise to do that," said Stephen Houck, one of the government lawyers in theMicrosoftantitrust case two decades ago.
While Google generates the majority of its roughly $161 billion in revenue from ad sales, the revenue it gets from the software and technology that serve as the backbone of that business is far smaller. Its Network Members business, which includes AdMob, AdSense, and Google Ad Manager, generated about $22 billion in sales the last fiscal year.
Google retiredthe DoubleClick name in 2018,puttingits DoubleClick products for advertisers together with Google Analytics 360 to become the "Google Marketing Platform." Then it put its DoubleClick products for publishers and the DoubleClick ad exchange into the "Google Ad Manager."
While the government has successfully fought for a break up of corporate giants in the past, including Standard Oil in 1911 and AT&T in the 1980s, more recent cases have imposed weaker remedies. BothIBMin the 1980s and Microsoft in 2000 concluded antitrust suits without breaking up the respective companies.
Still, political winds have more recently seemingly turned against big technology companies.
President Donald Trumphas alleged, along with other Republicans, that companies like Google censor conservative content, a claim Google has denied. He earlier this monthsigned an executive ordervowing to crack down on the liability protections internet companies like Google through section 230 of the Communications Decency Act.
Attending the signing of that executive order was Attorney General William Barr, whose deputy recentlytook leadership of the Justice Departments' antitrust investigation into Google, after the country's top antitrust official, Makan Delrahim, recused himself.
Presidential candidate Joe Biden served as vice president to Barack Obama, who has been criticized for allowing tech companies to become too powerful on his watch. Biden has said that, as president,he would set up a new department within the Justice Departmentto go back and look at the mega-mergers that have occurred and those who are being proposed to occur.
A spokesperson for Google told CNBC in a statement, "We continue to engage with the ongoing investigations led by the Department of Justice and Attorney General Paxton, and we don't have any updates or comments on speculation."
"The facts are clear," she added, "our digital advertising products compete across a crowded industry with hundreds of rivals and technologies, and have helped lower costs for advertisers and consumers."
A spokesperson for Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton, who is leading the ad tech part of the probe, declined to comment. A spokesperson for DOJ did not respond to a request for comment.
Critics have saidthat Google bundles its ad tools so that rivals can't afford to match its offerings and that its operation of search results, YouTube, Gmail and other services to hinder ad competition. They also say that Google owns all sides of the "auction exchange" through which ads are sold and bought, giving it an unfair advantage.
Google has argued it competes with many vertically integrated players includingAT&T,Comcast, andVerizon. Data from the St. Louis Federal Reserve, meantime, show that the price of digital advertising has fallenby more than 40% since 2010.
While it remains unclear in what fashion the attorneys general might push to break up Google's ad tech business,Google's $3.1 billion acquisition of DoubleClickprovided it the crucial foothold into advertising technology. The Federal Trade Commission decided in a 4-1 vote it would not seek to block the deal, ruling that it was not anti-competitive.
The dissenting vote, Pamela Jones, argued at the time she worried the deal would give Google too much power by way of the data that DoubleClick provides.
"By purchasing DoubleClick, Google will acquire data that will contribute to, and exacerbate, network effects," she wrote. "As a result, the Google/DoubleClick combination is likely to 'tip' both the search and display markets in Google's favor, and make it more difficult for any other company to challenge the combined firm."
Jones added that the combined Google and DoubleClick could get access to "unparalleled data sources" that would allow it to match up buyers and sellers of ads in a way its competitors could not.
A lawyer for Google said in a Texas court earlier this year the attorneys general probe was seeking "very detailed information" on the names of Google's ad tech customers and details pertaining to product pricing, according to a court transcript obtained by CNBC. Inquiries focused on Google's DoubleClick and AdMob businesses, he said.
For its part, Google argued in a blog post last year the ad technology industry is "famously crowded," citing competitors like Telaria, Rubicon Project and The Trade Desk. It also said publishers use its technology "to access demand from hundreds of partners," while advertisers use its technology to buy ad space "on more than 80 exchanges."